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Showing posts from November, 2025

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Narrative Structure in Film

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Structural Marxism in Film

Film Studies Film Theories

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Indoor Production

Television Production

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Outdoor Production

Television Production

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African Postcolonial Cinema

Film Movements Film Studies

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Martin Scorsese

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Algorithmic Spectatorship

Film Studies Film Theories

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Postmodern Cinema

Film Movements Film Studies

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Transnational Cinema

Film Studies Film Theories

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Scandinavian Cinema

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Hong Kong New Wave

Film Movements Film Studies

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Postmodern Film Theory

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Cognitive Film Theory

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Realism and Formalism

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Reception Theory

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British Social Realism

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Czech New Wave

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Popular Posts

Introduction to Visual Communication (A–Z)

Glossary: Introduction to Visual Communication (A–Z) A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z A Aesthetics: The study of beauty, visual appeal, and artistic taste in design and communication. Example: A visually balanced poster creates aesthetic harmony. Audience: The group of people who receive, interpret, and respond to messages through communication or media channels. Audio-Visual Communication: Communication that combines both sound and visuals, such as films, advertisements, or TV programs. Active Audience: A group of media users who actively interpret, question, and respond to messages instead of passively receiving them. Analog Communication: Traditional, non-digital form of message transmission (e.g., radio, print). Attribution: Giving credit to the source or author of an idea, text, or image. Agenda Setting Theory: Proposed by M...

The Dance's Helical Model of Communication

Introduction The Dance's Helical Model of Communication, proposed by Frank Dance in 1967, provides a dynamic and non-linear perspective on communication. Unlike traditional linear models, this theory highlights communication as an evolving, continuous, and cyclical process. The helical structure symbolizes growth, change, and the cumulative effect of past interactions, making it highly relevant for understanding complex communication scenarios in interpersonal and professional contexts. History Frank Dance, a communication theorist, introduced the helical model to address the limitations of earlier linear and circular communication models. He observed that communication is rarely a straightforward exchange. Instead, it evolves over time, influenced by experiences, feedback, and context. Dance envisioned this progression as a helix, where each loop represents accumulated knowledge and interactions, allowing individuals to refine their communication skills. Helical Model of Communic...

Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic relationships in communication:

Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Relationships in Communication In communication and linguistics, paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships are key ideas that explain how language and symbols create meaning. These concepts were introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure , the father of structural linguistics. Understanding them helps us see how words, images, and other signs work together to form messages. Paradigmatic Relationship: Choice and Substitution A paradigmatic relationship is about choice — selecting one element from a group of possible alternatives. It focuses on what could be substituted in a message to change its meaning. Example: In the sentence “She bought a book,” the word “book” could be replaced with “magazine” or “notebook.” Each choice slightly changes the meaning of the sentence. So, paradigmatic analysis looks at how different word or image choices affect the message. Syntagmatic Relationship: Order and Structure A syntagmatic relationship is abo...

Basic Graphic Design Terms

Design Principles Alignment : Arranging elements for visual order. Balance : Distribution of visual weight. Contrast : Differences to highlight elements. Emphasis : Making key elements stand out. Harmony : Visually pleasing element combinations. Hierarchy : Organizing elements by importance. Proximity : Grouping related items closely. Scale : Size relation to create focus. Symmetry : Balanced arrangement across axis. Unity : Cohesive visual effect . Color and Visuals Analogous Colors: Adjacent hues on color wheel. CMYK : Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black color model. Color Theory : Interaction and effects of colors. Hue : Base color type. Palette : Selected colors for design. Pantone : Standardized color matching system. Saturation : Intensity of color. Shade : Color plus black. Tint : Color plus white. Tone : Muted color variant. Typography Body Copy: Main textual content. Font : Typeface style and size. Kerning : Letter spacing adjustment. Leading : Line spacing. Lorem Ipsum: Place...

Visual Thinking

Introduction Visual thinking is the ability to understand and express ideas through images, diagrams, and symbols rather than words alone. It helps organize thoughts clearly and makes complex ideas easier to understand. In today’s media-driven world, shaped by social platforms and digital content, visual thinking is an essential communication skill that enhances creativity, memory, and cross-cultural understanding. The concept was introduced by Rudolf Arnheim in Visual Thinking (1969), who linked seeing with reasoning. Later, Tony Buzan emphasized mind mapping for visual learning, and Howard Gardner identified spatial intelligence —thinking through images—as a key human ability. Principles and Processes of Visual Thinking Visual thinking involves several mental processes that help people interpret and express visual information: Mental Imagery: Forming pictures in the mind to visualize concepts before expressing them, useful in design and storytelling. P...

Mass Communication

Definition Mass communication is the process of sharing information, ideas, and messages with a large audience through various media such as newspapers, television, radio, and digital platforms. It connects communicators with vast, diverse audiences, often using technology. Mass media communication refers to the tools—like print, broadcast, and online media—used to deliver these messages effectively. Mass communication plays a vital role in modern society by spreading news, opinions, and knowledge quickly across distances. It helps people stay informed, promotes cultural exchange, and supports democracy by encouraging public participation. With the rise of digital media, communication has become interactive—audiences can now respond, share, and engage directly with media content. Functions of Mass Communication 1. To Persuade: Media persuades audiences through advertisements, campaigns, and social messages. For example, political campaigns or health awareness programs, such as th...

Communication and Public Opinion — Understanding the Nature, Meaning, and Process of Influence

Introduction Communication and public opinion are central to the study of media and society. They define how ideas circulate, attitudes are shaped, and social consensus is built. In democratic and media-rich environments, the process of communication influences not only how people think but also how societies act collectively. Public opinion, as a product of communication, represents the aggregated views and beliefs that emerge through continuous dialogue, media exposure, and interpersonal interactions. Understanding the relationship between communication and public opinion is essential for analyzing politics, advertising, social change, and even digital activism. Nature and Meaning of Communication Communication, in its simplest form, is the process of transmitting information, ideas, and emotions between individuals or groups to achieve understanding. Scholars such as Harold Lasswell (1948) defined communication as “Who says what, in which channel, to whom, and with what e...

Schramm's Circular Model

Introduction Wilbur Schramm, a renowned communication theorist, introduced the Circular Model of Communication in 1954. This model revolutionized the understanding of communication by emphasizing its dynamic and interactive nature. Unlike earlier linear models, Schramm's model recognizes that communication is a two-way process involving both encoding and decoding. Key Components of Schramm's Circular Model Sender and Receiver: The model suggests that communication is a reciprocal process where both parties act as both sender and receiver. This means that they both encode messages and decode messages simultaneously. Message: The message is the information or idea that the sender wants to convey to the receiver. It is encoded into a form that can be understood by the receiver, such as speech, writing, or visual cues. Encoding and Decoding: Encoding refers to the process of converting thoughts and ideas into a message. Decoding involves interpreting the message and underst...

The Role of Media in Shaping Public Opinion - From Traditional Press to Digital Networks

Introduction The media serve as the bridge between information and the masses , guiding how people interpret events and form opinions. Historically, newspapers, radio, and television dominated this process; today, digital platforms and social media have revolutionized it. Whether shaping political perceptions, consumer choices, or social movements, media influence the agenda of public consciousness . This article explores how different forms of media — from traditional journalism to algorithm-driven digital spaces — contribute to the construction of public opinion. Media and Public Opinion: Conceptual Overview Media act as both mirror and mold — reflecting social realities while simultaneously shaping them. Public opinion, meanwhile, is not just spontaneous sentiment but a socially constructed outcome of continuous communication. Media narratives determine what issues gain visibility, how they are framed, and what emotional responses they provoke. In democratic societies,...

Mass Communication

Introduction Mass communication plays a pivotal role in modern society, serving as a channel through which information is disseminated to a large and diverse audience. From the earliest forms of public messaging to today's sophisticated digital platforms, the field has evolved in response to changing technology and societal needs. Mass communication touches every aspect of our daily lives, influencing how we think, what we believe, and how we interact with the world. This article provides a detailed exploration of mass communication, its types, the platforms involved, its advantages and disadvantages, and the potential scope of the field. Definition: Mass communication refers to the process of transmitting messages or information from a central source to a large and heterogeneous audience, often spread over a vast geographical area. This form of communication is typically unidirectional, with the message creator (usually media organizations) having little direct interaction...

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